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PAN-based graphite felt is a carbon-based material made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers through heat treatment and graphitization. Its production process includes key steps such as weaving, needle punching, pre-oxidation, carbonization, and graphitization. This material possesses high purity, high temperature resistance (up to 2500ºC or higher), and excellent chemical stability, and is mainly used in photovoltaic crystalline silicon manufacturing thermal fields, semiconductor thermal fields, and electrochemical energy storage.
1. Raw Material Preparation
PAN-based fibers are used as raw materials, with fiber diameters ranging from 5-15 micrometers.
2. Felt Forming
Short fibers are dispersed into pulp using a wet papermaking process and then formed into felt, or air-laid web combined with needle punching for reinforcement.
3. Carbonization Treatment
Non-carbon elements are pyrolyzed at 800-1400ºC in an inert atmosphere (such as nitrogen) to form a carbon skeleton.
4. Graphitization Refining
The carbonized material is heated to above 3000ºC in an argon environment, forming a graphite crystal structure through atomic rearrangement.
5. Finishing Process
This includes pressing, applying a ceramic coating (for oxidation prevention), and precision cutting, ultimately producing sheets or rolls. This process gives the product characteristics such as resistance to temperatures up to 3000ºC, low density (0.1-0.5 g/cm³), and a porosity of up to 90%, making it widely used in rocket nozzles, semiconductor equipment, and new energy fields.
1. Photovoltaic Crystalline Silicon Manufacturing Hot Zone
As a core insulation material, it is widely used in photovoltaic crystalline silicon manufacturing hot zone systems to help achieve heat insulation and temperature control in high-temperature environments.
2. Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes
Suitable for the high-temperature vacuum environment of semiconductor wafer production equipment, ensuring stable equipment operation.
3. Battery Industry
Used as an electrode material for flow batteries, it combines conductivity and corrosion resistance. It is a commonly used electrode material for vanadium-ion batteries.
4. Aerospace and Defense Industry
As a composite material substrate, it is used in the manufacture of high-temperature structural components.
5. Industrial Furnace Insulation
In processes such as vacuum metallurgy and powder metallurgy, it achieves heat insulation and energy saving for high-temperature equipment.
1. Increased Power Density: PAN-based graphite felt possesses a high specific surface area and excellent electrochemical properties, which can reduce battery internal resistance and improve charge transfer efficiency. For example, its composite electrode can reduce energy loss during charge-discharge cycles, lowering the charge transfer impedance to 70 mΩ·cm² (compared to 790 mΩ·cm² for ordinary graphite felt), significantly increasing power density.
2. Enhanced Catalytic Activity: Through surface modification (such as carbon nanoarrays and bismuth nanodots), the specific surface area of the composite electrode can be increased from 0.6 m²/g to 30 m²/g, accelerating the redox reaction rate of vanadium ions and enabling the battery to achieve an energy efficiency exceeding 80% at a current density of 300 mA/cm².
3. Extended Lifespan: PAN-based graphite felt possesses high strength and high-temperature resistance, maintaining structural stability during frequent charge-discharge cycles and reducing electrode polarization, thereby extending the overall battery lifespan.
4. Optimized Electrolyte Distribution: Its porous structure promotes uniform electrolyte penetration, ensures efficient ion diffusion, reduces localized concentration polarization, and improves energy conversion efficiency.
Advantages in Vanadium-Ion Batteries
1. Antioxidant and High-Temperature Stability
PAN-based graphite felt, through carbonization, forms a stable carbon framework structure with excellent antioxidant properties, maintaining material integrity even at high temperatures. This is crucial for the electrolyte stability of vanadium-ion batteries, preventing material decomposition during high-temperature operation.
2. High Conductivity and Mass Transfer Efficiency
PAN-based graphite felt possesses high conductivity (electron mobility up to 10 S/m), and its three-dimensional network structure shortens the vanadium ion transport path, significantly improving charge transfer efficiency. Experimental data shows that its charge transfer impedance can be reduced to 70 mΩ·cm², approximately 90% lower than that of unmodified electrodes.
3. Mechanical Strength and Corrosion Resistance
PAN-based materials inherently possess high tensile strength (300 MPa) and good chemical stability, maintaining structural integrity for extended periods in acidic electrolytes. This characteristic ensures the mechanical stability of the battery during frequent charge-discharge cycles, extending its lifespan.
4. Low-Temperature Activation Performance
Its catalytic activity can be further enhanced through surface modification (such as nitrogen doping or vertical graphene modification). For example, the team at Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) fabricated a nitrogen-doped vertical graphene/graphite felt electrode using a metal-free CVD method. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 300 mA/cm², the electrode maintained an energy efficiency of 80.2% and achieved a peak power density of 1308.56 mW/cm².
PAN-based graphite felt is a carbon-based material made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers through heat treatment and graphitization. Its production process includes key steps such as weaving, needle punching, pre-oxidation, carbonization, and graphitization. This material possesses high purity, high temperature resistance (up to 2500ºC or higher), and excellent chemical stability, and is mainly used in photovoltaic crystalline silicon manufacturing thermal fields, semiconductor thermal fields, and electrochemical energy storage.
1. Raw Material Preparation
PAN-based fibers are used as raw materials, with fiber diameters ranging from 5-15 micrometers.
2. Felt Forming
Short fibers are dispersed into pulp using a wet papermaking process and then formed into felt, or air-laid web combined with needle punching for reinforcement.
3. Carbonization Treatment
Non-carbon elements are pyrolyzed at 800-1400ºC in an inert atmosphere (such as nitrogen) to form a carbon skeleton.
4. Graphitization Refining
The carbonized material is heated to above 3000ºC in an argon environment, forming a graphite crystal structure through atomic rearrangement.
5. Finishing Process
This includes pressing, applying a ceramic coating (for oxidation prevention), and precision cutting, ultimately producing sheets or rolls. This process gives the product characteristics such as resistance to temperatures up to 3000ºC, low density (0.1-0.5 g/cm³), and a porosity of up to 90%, making it widely used in rocket nozzles, semiconductor equipment, and new energy fields.
1. Photovoltaic Crystalline Silicon Manufacturing Hot Zone
As a core insulation material, it is widely used in photovoltaic crystalline silicon manufacturing hot zone systems to help achieve heat insulation and temperature control in high-temperature environments.
2. Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes
Suitable for the high-temperature vacuum environment of semiconductor wafer production equipment, ensuring stable equipment operation.
3. Battery Industry
Used as an electrode material for flow batteries, it combines conductivity and corrosion resistance. It is a commonly used electrode material for vanadium-ion batteries.
4. Aerospace and Defense Industry
As a composite material substrate, it is used in the manufacture of high-temperature structural components.
5. Industrial Furnace Insulation
In processes such as vacuum metallurgy and powder metallurgy, it achieves heat insulation and energy saving for high-temperature equipment.
1. Increased Power Density: PAN-based graphite felt possesses a high specific surface area and excellent electrochemical properties, which can reduce battery internal resistance and improve charge transfer efficiency. For example, its composite electrode can reduce energy loss during charge-discharge cycles, lowering the charge transfer impedance to 70 mΩ·cm² (compared to 790 mΩ·cm² for ordinary graphite felt), significantly increasing power density.
2. Enhanced Catalytic Activity: Through surface modification (such as carbon nanoarrays and bismuth nanodots), the specific surface area of the composite electrode can be increased from 0.6 m²/g to 30 m²/g, accelerating the redox reaction rate of vanadium ions and enabling the battery to achieve an energy efficiency exceeding 80% at a current density of 300 mA/cm².
3. Extended Lifespan: PAN-based graphite felt possesses high strength and high-temperature resistance, maintaining structural stability during frequent charge-discharge cycles and reducing electrode polarization, thereby extending the overall battery lifespan.
4. Optimized Electrolyte Distribution: Its porous structure promotes uniform electrolyte penetration, ensures efficient ion diffusion, reduces localized concentration polarization, and improves energy conversion efficiency.
Advantages in Vanadium-Ion Batteries
1. Antioxidant and High-Temperature Stability
PAN-based graphite felt, through carbonization, forms a stable carbon framework structure with excellent antioxidant properties, maintaining material integrity even at high temperatures. This is crucial for the electrolyte stability of vanadium-ion batteries, preventing material decomposition during high-temperature operation.
2. High Conductivity and Mass Transfer Efficiency
PAN-based graphite felt possesses high conductivity (electron mobility up to 10 S/m), and its three-dimensional network structure shortens the vanadium ion transport path, significantly improving charge transfer efficiency. Experimental data shows that its charge transfer impedance can be reduced to 70 mΩ·cm², approximately 90% lower than that of unmodified electrodes.
3. Mechanical Strength and Corrosion Resistance
PAN-based materials inherently possess high tensile strength (300 MPa) and good chemical stability, maintaining structural integrity for extended periods in acidic electrolytes. This characteristic ensures the mechanical stability of the battery during frequent charge-discharge cycles, extending its lifespan.
4. Low-Temperature Activation Performance
Its catalytic activity can be further enhanced through surface modification (such as nitrogen doping or vertical graphene modification). For example, the team at Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) fabricated a nitrogen-doped vertical graphene/graphite felt electrode using a metal-free CVD method. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 300 mA/cm², the electrode maintained an energy efficiency of 80.2% and achieved a peak power density of 1308.56 mW/cm².
